Legal Ambiguity of Electronic Consent in the Formation of International Electronic Contracts for Artificial Intelligence-Based Digital Business Transactions

Authors

  • Bagus Anggara Putra Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo
  • Muhammad Asrul Maulana Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.58812/wsbm.v4i03.3049

Keywords:

Electronic Consent, Artificial Intelligence, International Electronic, Contracts, Digital Business Transactions

Abstract

The rapid development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed electronic contracts from human-centered agreements into autonomous machine-to-machine transactions. However, Article 18A of Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions merely states that "the user gives consent" without defining the legal scope of electronic consent, creating legal ambiguity in AI-based international electronic contracts. This study employs normative legal research using statute and conceptual approaches, supported by grammatical and systematic interpretation with deductive legal reasoning. The findings reveal that the existing provision remains human-centered and fails to accommodate autonomous electronic consent generated by AI Agents, smart contracts, APIs, and Internet of Things (IoT) systems. Consequently, the ambiguous formulation undermines legal certainty in digital business transactions. This study proposes a normative reconstruction of electronic consent to recognize autonomous electronic consent while maintaining the principles of legal certainty, good faith, transparency, and contractual accountability.

Author Biographies

  • Bagus Anggara Putra, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

    Law Studi Program, Muhammadiyah University of Sidoarjo

  • Muhammad Asrul Maulana, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo

    Law Studi Program, Muhammadiyah University of Sidoarjo

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Published

2026-09-21

Issue

Vol. 4 No. 03 (2026): West Science Business and Management

Section

Articles

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Copyright (c) 2026 Bagus Anggara Putra, Muhammad Asrul Maulana

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

How to Cite

Legal Ambiguity of Electronic Consent in the Formation of International Electronic Contracts for Artificial Intelligence-Based Digital Business Transactions (B. A. Putra & M. A. Maulana, Trans.). (2026). West Science Business and Management, 4(03), 424-432. https://doi.org/10.58812/wsbm.v4i03.3049