West Science Law and Human Rights
type: channel
description: Launched in 2022, the Journal of Human Rights Law Review seeks to increase awareness, knowledge, and discussion of legal issues and human rights policy. Academically focused, the Review also appeals to the wider human rights community, including those in government, intergovernmental and non-governmental circles concerned with law, policy, and fieldwork. Review of original published articles on human rights issues in their global or national context, considered from an international or comparative legal perspective.
publisher: Westscience Press
language: en
publication name: West Science Law and Human Rights
issn: 2986-9420
items: A Reconstruction of Digital Platforms’ Legal Liability for the Dissemination of Illegal Content within the Framework of Protecting Citizens’ Rights
items: Smart City Regulatory Design: Balancing Public Safety, Privacy, and Civil Liberties in Administrative Law
items: Corporate Liability for Environmental Crimes in Industrial Supply Chains: A Criminal and Administrative Law Approach
items: Protection of Indigenous Peoples’ Land Rights in Agrarian Reform Policy: A Normative and Implementational Legal Study
items: Climate Lawsuits and the Justiciability of the Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment: Trends in Judicial Practice in Indonesia
items: Law Enforcement Strategies Against Crypto-Asset Money Laundering: Challenges in Evidence and Cross-Border Cooperation
items: Whistleblower Protection Models in Corruption Cases: A Legal Analysis of Reporting Mechanisms and Whistleblower Safety
items: The Role of Mobile Forensics as Electronic Evidence in Proving Murder Cases
items: Restoration of Good Name Towards Victims of Online Defamation as a Form of Cyberbullying
items: Copyright Protection for Songs and/or Music Remixes Published on YouTube
items: Supervision of Law Enforcement Authority Through Pre-Trial in the 2025 Criminal Code
items: Legal Protection for E-Commerce Websites Examined from an Intellectual Property Rights Perspective
items: Legal Certainty in Electronic Contracts for E-Commerce Transactions in Indonesia
items: Public Protection from The Risk of Criminality Based on Artificial Intelligence from a Legal Perspective Modern Crime
items: The Registration of Waqf Land in Realizing Legal Certainty in Indonesia
items: The Significance of Pancasila Education in Higher Education Institutions for Improving Students’ Legal Awareness
items: Sexual Violence in Public Spaces: A Criminological Study of Social and Cultural Factors
items: Equality in Labor Regulations for People with Disabilities in Indonesia
items: Strengthening the Criminal Law System for National Defense Against Automated Cyber Attacks Based on “Artificial Intelligence”
items: Analysis of Criminal Liability for Personal Data Violations: Case Studies of the General Elections Commission and E-Commerce from the Perspective of the ITE Law and the PDP Law 2023–2024
items: Legal Review of the Settlement of Sharia Mortgage Defaults Based on DSN-MUI Fatwa No. 17/DSN-MUI/IX/2000
items: The South Kalimantan Provincial Election Commission's Strategy to Increase First-Time Voters in the 2024 South Kalimantan Gubernatorial Election
items: https://wsj.westsciences.com/index.php/wslhr/article/view/2321
items: The Impact of Supreme Court Decision Number 5851 K/Pid.Sus LH/2024 on Legal Certainty in Illegal Mining Cases
items: Bibliometric Analysis of Environmental Law Research: Identification of Thematic Focuses and Global Collaboration Networks
items: Bibliometric Mapping of Constitutional Law Research: Global Trends and Indonesian Context (2000–2024)
items: Execution Delay and Its Impact on the Psychological Suffering of Death Row Inmates in the Indonesian Criminal Law System
items: Iphone 13 Pro Max Intellectual Property Rights Legal Protection
items: Progressive Steps to Maximize the Payment of Substitute Money in Corruption Crimes
items: Review of Law Number 11 of 2020 on Job Creation: Constitutionality Test Based on Constitutional Court Decision Number 91/PUU-XVIII/2020

A Reconstruction of Digital Platforms’ Legal Liability for the Dissemination of Illegal Content within the Framework of Protecting Citizens’ Rights
type: item
description: This study examines the legal liability of digital platforms in the dissemination of illegal content through a normative legal analysis, with a particular focus on reconstructing a framework that effectively protects citizens’ rights. The rapid growth of digital platforms such as Google, Meta Platforms, and TikTok has intensified challenges related to intermediary responsibility, as these platforms increasingly function not only as passive conduits but also as active amplifiers of information. Existing liability regimes, primarily based on notice-and-takedown mechanisms, are found to be insufficient in addressing the scale and complexity of illegal content dissemination. Using primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, this research analyzes current regulatory frameworks and identifies key gaps, particularly in terms of legal clarity, enforcement effectiveness, and the protection of fundamental rights. The study highlights the tension between safeguarding freedom of expression and ensuring protection against harmful content, noting that both under-regulation and over-regulation pose risks to citizens’ rights. Comparative insights, including developments under the Digital Services Act, demonstrate a shift toward more proactive and structured approaches to platform accountability. The study proposes a reconstructed liability framework based on the principles of proportionality, due diligence, transparency, and effective remedy. This model seeks to balance platform accountability with the protection of fundamental rights, offering a more adaptive and rights-oriented approach to digital governance. The findings contribute to the development of legal policies that align technological advancement with the protection of citizens in the digital era.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Digital Platform Liability
  topic: keywords
subject: Illegal Content
  topic: keywords
subject: Citizens’ Rights Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Intermediary Regulation
  topic: keywords
subject: Normative Legal Analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Rabith Madah Khulaili Harsya
creator: Supriandi Supriandi
creator: Rani Eka Arini
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rabith Madah Khulaili Harsya, Supriandi Supriandi, Rani Eka Arini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 181
ending page: 187
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v4i02.2828

Smart City Regulatory Design: Balancing Public Safety, Privacy, and Civil Liberties in Administrative Law
type: item
description: This study examines the regulatory design of smart city governance in Indonesia through a normative legal approach, with a focus on balancing public safety, privacy, and civil liberties within the framework of administrative law. The rapid adoption of digital technologies—such as surveillance systems, big data analytics, and automated decision-making—has enhanced governmental capacity in delivering public services and maintaining security. However, these developments also raise significant legal challenges related to data protection, administrative discretion, and the potential infringement of fundamental rights. This research analyzes relevant legal frameworks, including constitutional provisions, administrative law principles, and sectoral regulations on digital governance and personal data protection. The findings reveal that Indonesia’s current regulatory framework is fragmented and lacks comprehensive integration, resulting in an imbalance that tends to prioritize public safety and administrative efficiency over privacy and civil liberties. The study identifies key challenges, including weak implementation of data protection principles, limited transparency in algorithmic governance, and inadequate oversight mechanisms. From an administrative law perspective, principles such as legality, proportionality, transparency, accountability, and legal certainty have not been fully operationalized in smart city policies. This study proposes a more integrated and principles-based regulatory model that harmonizes existing regulations, strengthens institutional coordination, and embeds human rights safeguards into digital governance. By aligning smart city development with the rule of law and constitutional values, the study contributes to the formulation of a balanced regulatory framework that supports technological innovation while protecting individual rights in Indonesia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Smart City Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: Administrative Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Safety
  topic: keywords
subject: Privacy Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Civil Liberties
  topic: keywords
creator: Paramita Andiani
creator: Auliya Citra
creator: Irwan Amar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Paramita Andiani, Auliya Citra, Irwan Amar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 158
ending page: 169
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v4i02.2792

Corporate Liability for Environmental Crimes in Industrial Supply Chains: A Criminal and Administrative Law Approach
type: item
description: This study analyzes corporate liability for environmental crimes within industrial supply chains in Indonesia through a normative legal approach integrating criminal and administrative law perspectives. The research examines the adequacy of the existing legal framework, particularly Law No. 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management, in addressing corporate accountability for environmental harm. By applying statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, this study identifies key challenges in enforcement, including difficulties in proving corporate intent, fragmentation of responsibility within supply chains, and the predominance of administrative sanctions over criminal prosecution. The findings indicate that although Indonesian law formally recognizes corporate criminal liability and incorporates strict liability principles, practical implementation remains limited due to evidentiary constraints, institutional weaknesses, and regulatory gaps. Furthermore, the complexity of industrial supply chains enables corporations to diffuse responsibility through subcontracting and outsourcing practices. This study proposes an integrated liability model that strengthens coordination between criminal and administrative enforcement, expands corporate responsibility across supply chains, and enhances the deterrent effect of sanctions. The study contributes to legal scholarship by offering a holistic framework for corporate environmental accountability and provides policy recommendations to support sustainable industrial governance in Indonesia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Corporate Liability
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Crimes
  topic: keywords
subject: Industrial Supply Chains
  topic: keywords
subject: Criminal and Administrative Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesia
  topic: keywords
creator: Rani Eka Arini
creator: Salwa Aulia Novitasari
creator: Almira Ulimaz
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Rani Eka Arini, Salwa Aulia Novitasari, Almira Ulimaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 147~157
ending page: 147~157
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v4i02.2791

Protection of Indigenous Peoples’ Land Rights in Agrarian Reform Policy: A Normative and Implementational Legal Study
type: item
description: This study examines the protection of Indigenous Peoples’ land rights within the framework of agrarian reform policy through a normative and implementational legal analysis. The research aims to analyze the extent to which existing legal frameworks recognize and protect Indigenous land rights, identify inconsistencies within regulatory structures, and evaluate the effectiveness of their implementation in practice. Employing a normative juridical approach, this study analyzes constitutional provisions, statutory regulations, and relevant legal doctrines, complemented by a qualitative assessment of implementation challenges. The findings reveal that although Indigenous land rights are formally recognized in the legal system, such recognition remains conditional and fragmented across sectoral regulations. Overlapping authorities between land, forestry, and other resource-related laws create legal uncertainty and hinder the effective protection of customary land. Furthermore, the implementation of agrarian reform policies often fails to accommodate the collective nature of Indigenous land tenure, resulting in the marginalization of Indigenous communities. Bureaucratic complexities, limited institutional coordination, and weak enforcement mechanisms further exacerbate these challenges, leading to persistent land conflicts and dispossession. This study highlights a significant gap between normative legal guarantees and practical realities. It emphasizes the need for a more integrative and responsive legal framework that harmonizes regulations, strengthens the recognition of customary land rights, and ensures meaningful participation of Indigenous Peoples in agrarian reform processes. By bridging normative analysis with implementation perspectives, this research contributes to the development of more equitable and inclusive land governance systems that uphold Indigenous rights and promote social justice.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Indigenous Peoples
  topic: keywords
subject: Land Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Agrarian Reform
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Pluralism
  topic: keywords
subject: Customary Law
  topic: keywords
creator: Salwa Aulia Novitasari
creator: Arief Fahmi Lubis
creator: Dila Padila Nurhasanah
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Salwa Aulia Novitasari, Arief Fahmi Lubis, Dila Padila Nurhasanah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 136~146
ending page: 136~146
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v4i02.2790

Climate Lawsuits and the Justiciability of the Right to a Clean and Healthy Environment: Trends in Judicial Practice in Indonesia
type: item
description: This study examines the development of climate litigation in Indonesia and its implications for the justiciability of the right to a clean and healthy environment. Using a normative legal approach, the research analyzes constitutional provisions, statutory regulations, and judicial decisions to evaluate how Indonesian courts interpret and enforce environmental rights in the context of climate change. The study finds that although the right to a clean and healthy environment is explicitly recognized in Article 28H(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 1945 and further supported by environmental legislation, its judicial enforcement remains inconsistent. Key challenges include limitations in legal standing, difficulties in establishing causation, and judicial reluctance to intervene in policy-related matters. Nevertheless, emerging judicial trends indicate a gradual shift toward more progressive interpretations, including the application of precautionary principles and broader recognition of environmental harm. This study concludes that strengthening legal frameworks, enhancing judicial capacity, and integrating climate-specific norms are essential to improving the enforceability of environmental rights. The findings contribute to the discourse on environmental constitutionalism and climate justice, particularly in developing country contexts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Climate Litigation
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Justiciability
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Constitutionalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesia
  topic: keywords
creator: Silvester Magnus Loogman Palit
creator: Tumian Lian Daya Purba
creator: William Hendrik Reba
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Silvester Magnus Loogman Palit, Tumian Lian Daya Purba, William Hendrik Reba https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 115
ending page: 125
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v4i02.2779

Law Enforcement Strategies Against Crypto-Asset Money Laundering: Challenges in Evidence and Cross-Border Cooperation
type: item
description: This study examines law enforcement strategies in addressing cryptocurrency-based money laundering, with particular emphasis on evidentiary challenges and cross-border cooperation using a normative legal approach. The rapid development of digital assets such as Bitcoin has introduced new complexities in financial crime, enabling illicit actors to exploit decentralized systems and pseudonymous transactions. Through doctrinal analysis of legal frameworks, regulations, and international standards, including those established by the Financial Action Task Force, this research identifies key gaps in the current legal system. The findings reveal that the collection and admissibility of digital evidence remain significant obstacles due to difficulties in linking blockchain transactions to identifiable individuals, as well as limitations in technical capacity and legal procedures. Additionally, cross-border cooperation is hindered by regulatory fragmentation, jurisdictional differences, and slow mutual legal assistance mechanisms. Existing law enforcement strategies—while incorporating regulatory, technological, and institutional approaches are often insufficient and lack integration. This study concludes that strengthening international legal harmonization, enhancing digital forensic capabilities, and reforming cross-border cooperation mechanisms are essential to improving enforcement effectiveness. Furthermore, adaptive legal frameworks are needed to balance innovation in cryptocurrency with accountability and oversight. This research contributes to the development of more responsive legal strategies to combat cryptocurrency-based money laundering in an increasingly globalized digital economy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Money Laundering
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Evidence
  topic: keywords
subject: Cross-Border Cooperation
  topic: keywords
subject: Law Enforcement
  topic: keywords
subject: Normative Legal
  topic: keywords
creator: Dwi Saleha
creator: Munawir Munawir
creator: Djuhrijjani Djuhrijjani
creator: Nizla Rohaya
creator: Muhammad Nazir
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dwi Saleha, Munawir Munawir, Djuhrijjani Djuhrijjani, Nizla Rohaya, Muhammad Nazir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 170
ending page: 180
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v4i02.2775

Whistleblower Protection Models in Corruption Cases: A Legal Analysis of Reporting Mechanisms and Whistleblower Safety
type: item
description: Whistleblowers play a crucial role in exposing corruption, yet their effectiveness is often constrained by inadequate legal protection and ineffective reporting mechanisms. This study aims to analyze whistleblower protection models in corruption cases through a normative legal approach, focusing on the relationship between reporting systems and whistleblower safety. The research utilizes statutory, conceptual, and comparative approaches by examining legal instruments, doctrines, and best practices across jurisdictions. The findings reveal that although many legal systems have established formal whistleblower protection frameworks, significant gaps remain in their implementation, particularly in ensuring confidentiality, protection against retaliation, and access to reliable reporting channels. The effectiveness of whistleblowing systems is largely determined by the availability of secure, independent, and accessible reporting mechanisms, as well as the strength of institutional support and enforcement. Furthermore, whistleblower safety requires not only legal guarantees but also practical measures such as witness protection, psychological support, and financial safeguards. The study concludes that an integrated protection model—combining comprehensive legal frameworks, effective reporting mechanisms, and robust institutional coordination—is essential to enhance whistleblower participation and strengthen anti-corruption efforts.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Whistleblower Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Corruption
  topic: keywords
subject: Reporting Mechanisms.
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Whistleblower Safety
  topic: keywords
creator: Tumian Lian Daya Purba
creator: Silvester Magnus Loogman Palit
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Tumian Lian Daya Purba, Silvester Magnus Loogman Palit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 126
ending page: 135
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v4i02.2774

The Role of Mobile Forensics as Electronic Evidence in Proving Murder Cases
type: item
description: This study examines the role of mobile forensics as electronic evidence in proving murder crimes in Indonesia amidst the increasing complexity of crimes and perpetrators' efforts to eliminate digital traces. The study uses a normative juridical method with a descriptive-analytical approach through a literature review of relevant laws and regulations, court decisions, and scientific literature. The results of the study indicate that mobile forensics has an important position in the criminal evidence system because it is able to produce legally valid electronic information and/or electronic documents as recognized in the Criminal Procedure Code, the ITE Law, and strengthened by Constitutional Court Decisions. In murder cases, mobile forensics plays a strategic role in tracing communications, locations, metadata, and digital activities to reconstruct the chronology of events, identify the perpetrator, and strengthen the judge's conviction. However, the strength of its evidence is highly dependent on the authenticity, integrity, and reliability of the data, as well as compliance with legal procedures such as chain of custody, lawful seizure, and the involvement of digital forensic experts. This study concludes that mobile forensics has become an important instrument in modern criminal law evidence, but its optimization still faces challenges in the form of lack of uniform operational standards, limited human resources, and the need to strengthen regulations to create legal certainty, justice, and effective law enforcement in the digital era.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mobile Forensics
  topic: keywords
subject: Electronic Evidence
  topic: keywords
subject: Criminal Evidence
  topic: keywords
subject: Murder Case
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Forensics
  topic: keywords
creator: Andreas Bintang Raja Sihombing
creator: Patrisia Tanwijaya
creator: Najla Azrijal Chosaf
creator: Michelle Evelyn Marpaung
creator: Keisha Zahra Wibowo
creator: Dyo Ganda Siadari
creator: Dinda Aurelia Rosi Nasution
creator: Boy Gabriel Yohanes Simarmata
creator: Ariel Alexander
creator: Yuni Priskila Ginting
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Andreas Bintang Raja Sihombing, Patrisia Tanwijaya, Najla Azrijal Chosaf, Michelle Evelyn Marpaung, Keisha Zahra Wibowo, Dyo Ganda Siadari, Dinda Aurelia Rosi Nasution, Boy Gabriel Yohanes Simarmata, Ariel Alexander, Yuni Priskila Ginting https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-04-30
publication date: 2026-04-30
starting page: 103
ending page: 114
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v4i02.2754

Restoration of Good Name Towards Victims of Online Defamation as a Form of Cyberbullying
type: item
description: With the pervasive use of digital platforms, online defamation has emerged as a prominent form of cyberbullying, threatening individuals’ reputations, psychological well-being, and social credibility. This study investigates mechanisms for restoring the good name of victims of online defamation, emphasizing legal, social, and psychological interventions. Using a mixed-method approach, quantitative data were collected from 300 social media users who experienced defamation, while qualitative interviews explored personal experiences, coping strategies, and social reintegration. Data analysis employed Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) to evaluate relationships among online defamation, psychological impact, social support, restorative strategies, digital literacy, and perceived reputation recovery. Findings indicate that social support, digital literacy, and restorative justice interventions significantly enhance reputation restoration, with victims who received legal action, public acknowledgment, and community support reporting the most effective outcomes. Grounded in Cyberbullying Theory, Reputation Management Theory, and Restorative Justice Theory, the study provides a comprehensive framework linking individual psychological resilience, social perception, and restorative mechanisms. The results highlight the importance of culturally sensitive approaches, including social norms, online ethics, and communication strategies tailored to specific communities. These insights inform policy design, platform governance, and educational programs aimed at mitigating online defamation, empowering victims, and promoting digital literacy. The study contributes to theory by integrating social, legal, and psychological perspectives on reputation restoration, and to practice by offering actionable strategies for victims, policymakers, and digital platform managers.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Online defamation
  topic: keywords
subject: Cyberbullying
  topic: keywords
subject: Reputation restoration
  topic: keywords
subject: Restorative justice
  topic: keywords
creator: Ni Made Padmawardhani Rakheswari
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Made Padmawardhani Rakheswari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 93~102
ending page: 93~102
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v4i01.2642

Copyright Protection for Songs and/or Music Remixes Published on YouTube
type: item
description: Song recycling is the activity of updating and re-singing a singer's previous song (old version). Recycling songs and/or music generally used Youtube as a publication medium. The purpose of this study is to determine the copyright protection of song and/or recycling through Youtube media as a medium that is often used to publish song recycling content. This research uses normative juridical research methods. The results showed that based on Law No. 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright, everyone who wants to recycle songs must obtain permission from the creator and/ or copyright holder because it includes exercising economic rights belonging to the creator and/or copyright holder. Law No. 19 of 2016 concerning Amendments to Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions also regulated that the recycled version of the song is one form of electronic document, if it contains copyright infringement then electronic system operator has the right to cut off access.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Content ID
  topic: keywords
subject: Song Recycling
  topic: keywords
subject: Copyright
  topic: keywords
subject: Youtube
  topic: keywords
creator: Melinda Wahyu Prihastiwi
creator: Tashya Panji Nugraha
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Melinda Wahyu Prihastiwi, Tashya Panji Nugraha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 88~92
ending page: 88~92
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v4i01.2633

Supervision of Law Enforcement Authority Through Pre-Trial in the 2025 Criminal Code
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze whether the 2025 Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) has addressed the substantive weaknesses of pretrial proceedings, how law enforcement authorities are monitored through pretrial proceedings in the 2025 Criminal Procedure Code, and how pretrial proceedings differ from those in the 2025 Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) with Habeas Corpus in the UK and Rechter Commissioner in the Netherlands. This research is descriptive, using a statutory, conceptual, and comparative legal approach. It utilizes secondary data and is analyzed qualitatively. The results indicate that: 1) Substantially, the 2025 Criminal Procedure Code has attempted to address the weaknesses of pretrial proceedings, namely by expanding the scope and strengthening the pretrial mechanism, with the exception of the still unclear third party, the focus of the examination, and the procedural law used. 2) Supervision of law enforcement authorities through pretrial proceedings in the 2025 Criminal Procedure Code The scope of pretrial proceedings has expanded, with the addition of: suspect determination, searches, seizures, wiretapping, letter inspection, blocking, travel bans, unrelated seizures, case delays, and suspensions. Weaknesses include: a) Coercive measures authorized by the Chief Justice are excluded from pretrial proceedings. b) New pretrial proceedings have not been specifically regulated, and c) the examination of suspects/witnesses/victims is not included in pretrial proceedings. 3) Habeas Corpus only focuses on assessing the validity of a person's detention. The Rechter Commissioner focuses on broad oversight of investigators' actions prior to the investigation (pre-trial), while pretrial proceedings focus on a broad examination and are assessed after the action has been taken (post factum).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Supervision
  topic: keywords
subject: Law Enforcement
  topic: keywords
subject: Pretrial
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Yasir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Yasir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 470~483
ending page: 470~483
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v3i04.2598

Legal Protection for E-Commerce Websites Examined from an Intellectual Property Rights Perspective
type: item
description: Digital transformation in business operations has been driven by the rapid growth of the e-commerce industry in Indonesia. Protecting intellectual property rights (IPR), including copyright, trademarks, and digital information, on e-commerce sites has become increasingly legally challenging due to this trend. This study aims to analyze the legal framework for IPR protection on e-commerce platforms and identify barriers to its implementation. The study uses legislative and conceptual approaches, as well as normative legal research methodology. The findings indicate that although the legal framework for IPR protection has been comprehensively regulated, a lack of awareness among business actors, particularly MSMEs, and an inadequate monitoring and enforcement system have hampered its implementation. To build a fair, safe, and sustainable digital business ecosystem, this study highlights the importance of strengthening law enforcement, improving digital monitoring systems, and enhancing legal knowledge among business actors.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Intellectual Property Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: E-Commerce
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Cyber Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Economy
  topic: keywords
creator: Yuliani Darmawan
creator: Sapitri Sri Rahayu
creator: Cici Munte
creator: Sri Septiani Dewi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Yuliani Darmawan, Sapitri Sri Rahayu, Cici Munte, Sri Septiani Dewi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 71~76
ending page: 71~76
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v4i01.2594

Legal Certainty in Electronic Contracts for E-Commerce Transactions in Indonesia
type: item
description: The rapid expansion of e-commerce in Indonesia has led to the extensive use of electronic contracts as the primary legal instrument governing digital transactions. This development raises important legal issues related to legal certainty, particularly concerning the validity, enforceability, evidentiary value, and protection of parties involved in electronic contracts. This study aims to analyze legal certainty in electronic contracts within e-commerce transactions in Indonesia using a normative juridical approach. The research examines statutory regulations, legal principles, and doctrines related to contract law, electronic transactions, and consumer protection. The findings indicate that Indonesian law has formally recognized electronic contracts as legally binding and has acknowledged electronic documents as valid evidence. However, several challenges remain, including ambiguity in electronic consent, limitations in authentication mechanisms, evidentiary reliability, and the imbalance of bargaining power between business actors and consumers. The lack of full harmonization between traditional contract law and electronic transaction regulations also affects the predictability and consistency of legal enforcement. This study concludes that while the existing legal framework provides a basic level of legal certainty, further normative refinement and regulatory harmonization are necessary to strengthen legal protection and enhance trust in e-commerce transactions in Indonesia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Electronic contracts
  topic: keywords
subject: E-commerce
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal certainty
  topic: keywords
subject: Electronic transactions
  topic: keywords
subject: Consumer protection
  topic: keywords
creator: Ade Pratiwi Susanty
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ade Pratiwi Susanty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-31
publication date: 2026-01-31
starting page: 77~87
ending page: 77~87
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v4i01.2587

Public Protection from The Risk of Criminality Based on Artificial Intelligence from a Legal Perspective Modern Crime
type: item
description: The development of artificial intelligence (AI) has brought about significant changes in the social, economic, and legal order. Despite the various benefits offered, the use of AI also opens up the possibility of new forms of crime that are increasingly complex, automated, transcend national borders, and difficult to identify. AI-based crimes include automated fraud, identity forgery through deepfake technology, adaptive cyberattacks, misuse of personal data, and transnational cybercrime. These phenomena pose serious threats to public security, national resilience, and public trust in digital governance. Therefore, this study examines crime patterns that utilize AI and analyzes modern criminal law responses to these risks, both in the Indonesian context and internationally. This study uses a normative juridical method with a statutory and conceptual approach to examine criminal law norms, the regulation of cybercrime, and international instruments related to the use of artificial intelligence (AI). The results of the study indicate that modern criminal law still essentially places humans and corporations as the primary subjects of criminal responsibility, while AI is viewed as a means or tool that can be exploited in committing crimes. Therefore, to ensure effective public protection from AI-based crimes, adaptive legal reforms, prevention-oriented law enforcement, strengthening corporate criminal liability, and increased international cooperation are needed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Artificial Intelligence
  topic: keywords
subject: AI-Enabled Crime
  topic: keywords
subject: Cyber Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Modern Criminal Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Public Protection
  topic: keywords
creator: Maria Boekan
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Maria Angelorum Boekan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-07
publication date: 2026-01-07
starting page: 31
ending page: 38
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v4i01.2546

The Registration of Waqf Land in Realizing Legal Certainty in Indonesia
type: item
description: Waqf is one of the acts of worship of Muslims. Law Number 41 of 2004 stipulates that waqf is a legal act by a waqif to separate and/or transfer part of his property to be used forever or for a certain period of time in accordance with his interests for the purposes of worship and/or public welfare in accordance with sharia. The waqf of land ownership in Indonesia requires professional management so that it can become a religious institution as well as an institution that can help the economy of Muslims. Waqf requires legal certainty to avoid conflicts in the future. Legal certainty is obtained by registering the waqf at the Land Office so that a certificate is obtained which serves as proof of ownership of the waqf land. The method used in this study is the normative juridical method. The data sources are secondary data. The data collection method was conducted through a literature study. Data processing was carried out using descriptive analysis. The registration of Waqf Land in the National Land Law System is carried out through the Land Registration mechanism regulated in Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 in conjunction with Government Regulation Number 18 of 2021.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Land Registration
  topic: keywords
subject: Land Ownership Waqf
  topic: keywords
subject: Waqf Land
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Certainty
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesia
  topic: keywords
creator: Damianus Krismantoro
creator: Maria Hutapea
creator: Tiany Swastika Pramesti Kristiyadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Damianus Krismantoro, Maria Hutapea, Tiany Swastika Pramesti Kristiyadi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-07
publication date: 2026-01-07
starting page: 1
ending page: 9
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v4i01.2536

The Significance of Pancasila Education in Higher Education Institutions for Improving Students’ Legal Awareness
type: item
description: Pancasila is the philosophical foundation of the Indonesian nation, serving as the guiding vision for education and character development. One aspect of character building that is important to develop through Pancasila Education is the development of legal awareness, especially in shaping students who understand their own rights and obligations and those of others, and in creating an orderly and fair environment. This study aims to analyze the significance of Pancasila Education in increasing legal awareness among university students and to identify strategies for implementing Pancasila Education in order to increase legal awareness among university students. This study employs a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, utilizing a normative approach. The results of the study show that Pancasila Education is still significant in higher education to increase legal awareness among students, with adaptive implementation and strong dedication needed to overcome challenges and maintain its relevance among students.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pancasila Education
  topic: keywords
subject: Character Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal-Awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: Higher Education
  topic: keywords
subject: National Identity
  topic: keywords
creator: Roberto Sitepu
creator: Etty Indrawati
creator: Richard Willie Handoyo
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Roberto Sitepu, Etty Indrawati, Richard Willie Handoyo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 20
ending page: 30
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v4i1.2523

Sexual Violence in Public Spaces: A Criminological Study of Social and Cultural Factors
type: item
description: Sexual violence in public spaces continues to increase in both physical and digital spaces. This study aims to analyze the social and cultural factors that influence the occurrence of sexual violence and assess the implementation of law enforcement through a normative juridical approach. Using primary legal materials such as the TPKS Law, the Criminal Code, and sectoral regulations, as well as secondary legal materials such as criminology literature and academic studies, this study found that sexual violence in public spaces is influenced by the dominance of patriarchal culture, the normalization of aggressive sexual behavior, the practice of victim blaming, the weakness of the public space surveillance system, and the limitations of institutional responses. From a legal perspective, the TPKS Law provides a comprehensive legal basis for the prevention and handling of sexual violence, including reporting mechanisms, victim-friendly investigations, evidence-based electronic evidence, and victim recovery. However, its implementation still faces structural obstacles such as a lack of gender education, a lack of gender-responsive policies in public institutions, and a social culture that tolerates violence. These findings underscore the need for a holistic prevention strategy that combines law enforcement, gender education, strengthening the design of public spaces, and cultural change campaigns to create safe and gender-equitable public spaces.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sexual Violence, Public Space, Feminist Criminology, Patriarchy, Victim Blaming, TPKS Law
  topic: keywords
creator: Peter Guntara
creator: Trias Pangesti
creator: Yessa Ayu Agista
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Peter Guntara, Trias Pangesti, Yessa Ayu Agista https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-20
publication date: 2026-01-20
starting page: 61~70
ending page: 61~70
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v4i01.2512

Equality in Labor Regulations for People with Disabilities in Indonesia
type: item
description: The right to work for persons with disabilities in Indonesia is regulated in Law No. 8 of 2016 concerning Persons with Disabilities. However, in reality, not all human resources have the same capacity, including persons with disabilities (different abilities). This poses challenges for persons with disabilities in entering the workforce. These challenges arise due to attitudes towards disability in society. Basically, society is still unable to be objective in accepting and assessing differences. Many of the requirements in the recruitment selection process in the world of work still focus on the physical and mental perfection of applicants. Based on human rights, all individuals are equal, and consequently, every individual has equality because, in essence, individuals are equal and have the same status as one another. Equality is a fundamental principle of human rights. With equality, individuals have equal dignity and worth. This research is normative legal research based on issues concerning equal employment regulations and efforts to strengthen equality in the formation of inclusive labor laws for persons with disabilities in Indonesia.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Disability Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Labor Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Employment Equality
  topic: keywords
subject: Inclusive Employment
  topic: keywords
subject: Indonesia
  topic: keywords
creator: Imma Indra Dewi W
creator: Koleta Donna Indhayana Putri
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Imma Indra Dewi W, Koleta Donna Indhayana Putri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-14
publication date: 2026-01-14
starting page: 39
ending page: 60
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v4i01.2481

Strengthening the Criminal Law System for National Defense Against Automated Cyber Attacks Based on “Artificial Intelligence”
type: item
description: The development of artificial intelligence (AI) has given rise to automated cyberattacks such as botnets, deepfakes, and adaptive DDoS attacks that challenge the Indonesian criminal justice system due to the complexity of perpetrator identification, legal evidence, digital anonymity, and regulatory gaps in the ITE Law No. 11/2008 and the PDP Law No. 27/2022. This multidisciplinary legal normative research analyzes these challenges through expert interviews, TensorFlow simulations, and a comparison of Indonesia, Japan, and the Netherlands, resulting in the innovative concept of the "Penal AI Attribution Spectrum" for AI-based autonomous criminal attribution and the "AI Penal Readiness Index" (Indonesia's score is 45/100). Current regulations are considered not yet adaptive to the autonomous and global modus operandi of AI, with prospects for strengthening through the 2025 Cyber Security and Resilience Bill (KKS), AI forensic training, and collaboration between the National Cyber Security Agency (BSSN), the Indonesian National Police (Polri), and the Ministry of Law and Human Rights (Kemenkumham) similar to Europol EC3. The conclusion recommends reform of the ITE/PDP Law with an "AI-Enabled Cybercrime" chapter, a cross-sectoral task force, and harmonization of the ASEAN-Budapest Convention for a robust, ethical, and just criminal law system in the digital era.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: AI Cybercrime
  topic: keywords
subject: Cyber Crime Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Penal AI Attribution
  topic: keywords
subject: 2025 KKS Bill
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital Forensics
  topic: keywords
creator: Adriani Maylinda Christina Linda
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Adriani Maylinda Christina Linda https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2026-01-02
publication date: 2026-01-02
starting page: 10
ending page: 19
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v4i01.2480

Analysis of Criminal Liability for Personal Data Violations: Case Studies of the General Elections Commission and E-Commerce from the Perspective of the ITE Law and the PDP Law 2023–2024
type: item
description: This study examines criminal liability for personal data violations in Indonesia through a normative juridical analysis of case studies involving the General Elections Commission (KPU) and e-commerce platforms during the 2023–2024 period. The research focuses on the intersection between the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (ITE Law) and the Personal Data Protection Law (PDP Law) to determine how these regulations govern the protection of personal data and the imposition of criminal sanctions. Findings reveal that while the ITE Law provides a legal foundation for addressing electronic crimes, it lacks specificity in handling cases of institutional negligence and corporate responsibility. In contrast, the PDP Law introduces comprehensive provisions, including criminal sanctions for both intentional and negligent violations, but faces enforcement challenges due to limited institutional capacity and overlapping jurisdictions. Analysis of the KPU and e-commerce data breaches shows weak legal enforcement, lack of accountability, and insufficient public awareness. The study concludes that effective personal data protection in Indonesia requires legal harmonization between the ITE and PDP Laws, establishment of a dedicated supervisory authority, and enhancement of institutional and public capacity to ensure compliance and accountability.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Personal Data Protection Law
  topic: keywords
subject: ITE Law
  topic: keywords
subject: criminal liability
  topic: keywords
subject: data breach
  topic: keywords
subject: normative juridical analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Ilmi Firdaus Aliyah
creator: Novandi Dwi Putra
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ilmi Firdaus Aliyah, Novandi Dwi Putra https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 459
ending page: 469
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v3i04.2470

Legal Review of the Settlement of Sharia Mortgage Defaults Based on DSN-MUI Fatwa No. 17/DSN-MUI/IX/2000
type: item
description: This study examines the legal framework governing the handling of defaults in Sharia mortgage contracts, focusing on the interpretation and application of DSN-MUI Fatwa No. 17/DSN-MUI/IX/2000. Using a normative juridical approach, the research analyzes how Islamic financial institutions address customer defaults (wanprestasi) in a manner consistent with Sharia principles and national banking regulations. The study explores the fatwa’s relevance in regulating sanctions, ensuring fairness, and preventing elements of riba while maintaining the stability of the Islamic financial system. The findings reveal that DSN-MUI Fatwa No. 17 provides clear moral and legal guidance for handling defaults through non-ribawi sanctions, such as fines dedicated to social purposes. However, discrepancies still exist between the fatwa’s moral prescriptions and its implementation due to the lack of detailed operational procedures within national law. The study concludes that better integration between Sharia norms, DSN-MUI fatwas, and Indonesian financial regulations is necessary to enhance the effectiveness, justice, and legal certainty in handling Sharia mortgage defaults.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sharia mortgage
  topic: keywords
subject: default
  topic: keywords
subject: DSN-MUI Fatwa
  topic: keywords
subject: normative legal analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Islamic finance
  topic: keywords
creator: Emmi Rahmiwita Nasution
creator: Muhamad Ammar Muhtadi
creator: Rani Eka Arini
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Emmi Rahmiwita Nasution, Muhamad Ammar Muhtadi, Rani Eka Arini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 449
ending page: 458
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v3i04.2337

The South Kalimantan Provincial Election Commission's Strategy to Increase First-Time Voters in the 2024 South Kalimantan Gubernatorial Election
type: item
description: This study examines the strategy of the General Elections Commission (KPU) of South Kalimantan Province in increasing the participation of first-time voters in the 2024 South Kalimantan Gubernatorial Election (Pilgub). The study used a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews with KPU South Kalimantan commissioners and data obtained from official KPU South Kalimantan reports. The results show that the KPU South Kalimantan implemented a multidimensional political communication strategy through educational, participatory, and digital approaches. Several main programs carried out included the Election Procession activities, the launch of the "Bekantan" mascot, outreach at universities, and collaboration with mass media and youth organizations. The use of social media such as Instagram, YouTube, and X (Twitter) was also carried out interactively through quizzes with prizes to attract the attention of first-time voters. This effort proved effective with an increase in the number of first-time voters from 277,777 in the 2020 Pilgub to 702,500 in the 2024 Pilgub. However, the KPU South Kalimantan still faces obstacles, such as limited budget for outreach and the lack of grouping of voter data by age category. This research emphasizes the importance of sustainable, data-driven, and inclusive political communication strategies to strengthen youth participation in local democracy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Political Communication
  topic: keywords
subject: First-Time Voters
  topic: keywords
subject: South Kalimantan KPU
  topic: keywords
subject: Regional Elections
  topic: keywords
subject: Voter Participation
  topic: keywords
creator: Mustafa Ramadani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Mustafa Ramadani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 435~448
ending page: 435~448
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v3i04.2324

https://wsj.westsciences.com/index.php/wslhr/article/view/2321
type: item
title: Legal Analysis of Red Notices in the Handling of Wanted Persons (DPO) Cases in Indonesia: A Study Based on Law No. 1 of 1979 on Extradition (Articles 2, 3, 4, 5), and Police Regulation No. 1 of 2020 on the Functions of the NCB -Interpol Indonesia, with the Case of Fugitive Former Investree CEO Adrian Gunadi as the Focus
description: This study examines the legal framework and implementation of Red Notices in handling fugitive cases (Daftar Pencarian Orang – DPO) in Indonesia, with a particular focus on the case of the former CEO of Investree, Adrian Gunadi. Using a normative legal analysis, the research explores the application of Law Number 1 of 1979 concerning Extradition (Articles 2, 3, 4, and 5) and Police Regulation Number 1 of 2020 concerning the Functions of the NCB–Interpol Indonesia. The findings reveal that the Red Notice serves as a crucial tool for international law enforcement cooperation but lacks the status of a binding arrest warrant under Indonesian law. Its execution depends on the harmonization between national legal sovereignty and international obligations. The study also identifies legal and institutional challenges, such as procedural inconsistencies, limited inter-agency coordination, and inadequate bilateral extradition treaties, which hinder effective implementation. The case of Adrian Gunadi highlights these weaknesses, demonstrating the need for stronger regulatory mechanisms, enhanced cooperation between NCB–Interpol Indonesia and foreign counterparts, and policy reforms to ensure due process and accountability. Overall, this research underscores the importance of integrating Red Notice practices into Indonesia’s legal framework to improve the pursuit and extradition of fugitives within the boundaries of both domestic and international law.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Red Notice
  topic: keywords
subject: Extradition
  topic: keywords
subject: NCB–Interpol Indonesia
  topic: keywords
subject: Fugitive
  topic: keywords
subject: Normative Legal Analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Nabain Idrus
creator: Ilham Akbar Bunyamin
creator: Paramita Andiani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nabain Idrus, Ilham Akbar Bunyamin, Paramita Andiani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 413
ending page: 423
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v3i04.2321

The Impact of Supreme Court Decision Number 5851 K/Pid.Sus LH/2024 on Legal Certainty in Illegal Mining Cases
type: item
description: This study analyzes Supreme Court Decision Number 5851 K/Pid.Sus LH/2024 and its impact on legal certainty in illegal mining cases in Indonesia through a normative juridical approach. The decision marks an important milestone in the enforcement of environmental criminal law, particularly in addressing unlicensed mining activities that cause ecological damage. By examining statutory regulations, judicial precedents, and doctrinal principles, this study reveals that the Supreme Court consistently applies the principles of strict liability and lex certa, emphasizing that illegal mining constitutes a criminal offense regardless of intent. The Court’s interpretation aligns with environmental protection objectives under Law Number 32 of 2009 and the Mining Law, promoting judicial consistency and strengthening environmental governance. The findings indicate that the decision enhances legal certainty by clarifying criminal liability standards, unifying judicial interpretation, and reinforcing the deterrent effect of environmental law. However, practical challenges remain in ensuring consistent enforcement, improving community awareness, and coordinating between central and regional authorities. Overall, this decision contributes significantly to the development of environmental jurisprudence and the realization of sustainable justice in Indonesia’s legal system.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Supreme Court Decision
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Certainty
  topic: keywords
subject: Illegal Mining
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Normative Juridical Analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Evy Febryani
creator: Rival Pahrijal
creator: Agung Zulfikri
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Evy Febryani, Rival Pahrijal, Agung Zulfikri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 424
ending page: 434
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v3i04.2320

Bibliometric Analysis of Environmental Law Research: Identification of Thematic Focuses and Global Collaboration Networks
type: item
description: This study does a thorough bibliometric analysis of environmental legal research to ascertain its topic foci, intellectual framework, and global collaboration networks. The study utilizes data from Scopus and Web of Science, employing VOSviewer and Bibliometrix tools to examine publication patterns, keyword co-occurrences, and collaborations among institutions and countries from 2000 to 2025. The findings indicate three primary topic clusters: (1) environmental law and governance, (2) regulation and enforcement, and (3) climate change and sustainable development. The United States, China, and the Netherlands are the primary influential donors, while burgeoning collaborations from Asia and Latin America signify an increasing diversification of worldwide research involvement. Author and institutional networks, including prominent individuals like Heyvaert, Sands, and Peel, exemplify the international and interdisciplinary characteristics of the area. The study highlights the evolution of environmental law into a worldwide and integrated field, integrating legal theory, policy, and sustainable practices. It provides strategic ideas for enhancing collaboration, capacity development, and evidence-based policymaking in environmental governance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Environmental Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Bibliometric Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Climate Change
  topic: keywords
subject: Sustainable Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Governance
  topic: keywords
subject: International Collaboration
  topic: keywords
subject: Environmental Legislation
  topic: keywords
creator: Loso Judijanto
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Loso Judijanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 400
ending page: 412
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v3i04.2314

Bibliometric Mapping of Constitutional Law Research: Global Trends and Indonesian Context (2000–2024)
type: item
description: This study performs a bibliometric analysis of international constitutional law research from 2000 to 2024 utilizing data from the Scopus database. The study utilizes VOSviewer and Bibliometrix to delineate author collaboration networks, institutional connections, and theme progression. Results demonstrate that constitutional law, human rights, jurisprudence, and constitutional courts represent the field's most significant themes, indicating a transition from conventional doctrinal discussions to multidisciplinary and global viewpoints. The United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, and Spain lead in publishing production and international collaboration. The results underscore the globalization of constitutional study and its alignment with governance, rights, and transnational legality challenges. This research enhances comprehension of the intellectual framework, collaboration dynamics, and developing trends in constitutional law, providing valuable insights for scholars, institutions, and governments aiming to bolster academic connectedness and comparative discourse.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Constitutional Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Human Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: Judicial Review
  topic: keywords
subject: Comparative Constitutionalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Bibliometric Analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: Global Constitutionalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Scholarship
  topic: keywords
subject: VOSviewer
  topic: keywords
subject: Scopus
  topic: keywords
subject: Research Collaboration
  topic: keywords
creator: Loso Judijanto
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Loso Judijanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-10-31
publication date: 2025-10-31
starting page: 387~399
ending page: 387~399
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v3i04.2313

Execution Delay and Its Impact on the Psychological Suffering of Death Row Inmates in the Indonesian Criminal Law System
type: item
description: This study analyzes the issue of execution delays and their impact on the psychological suffering of death row inmates in Indonesia's criminal law system. Using a normative juridical approach, the research identifies a significant normative gap, as Indonesian positive law lacks explicit regulations governing the time limit for carrying out executions after a verdict becomes final. This legal vacuum leads to prolonged uncertainty for inmates, resulting in extreme psychological distress known as the death row phenomenon. This condition is argued to constitute cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment, violating both international human rights principles, such as those in the ICCPR, and Indonesia's constitutional guarantees of humane treatment and legal certainty. The analysis reveals a fundamental tension between retributive justice and substantive humanity. The study concludes by emphasizing the urgent need for legal reform to establish clear execution time limits and robust oversight mechanisms. This is crucial to align Indonesia's penal system with the principles of substantive justice, human dignity, and the rule of law.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Execution Delay
  topic: keywords
subject: Death Row Phenomenon
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Certainty
  topic: keywords
subject: Criminal Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Psychological Suffering
  topic: keywords
creator: Padlillah Padlillah
creator: Heri Heriyanto
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Padlillah Padlillah, Heri Heriyanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 407
ending page: 415
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v3i03.2311

Iphone 13 Pro Max Intellectual Property Rights Legal Protection
type: item
description: This study's goal is to investigate how the iPhone 13 Pro Max's intellectual property rights are protected. The secondary data type being used in this study is primary and secondary legal resources, and one form of data collection is library studies. The methodology employed in this study is a normative juridical approach. The data analysis method is based on qualitative methods to generate descriptive-analytical information. Article 40 paragraph (1) letter f and s, Article 59 paragraph (1) letter e of the Copyright Law, Article 3 paragraph (1) of the Patent Law, Article 1 Number 1 of the Industrial Design Law, Article 1 Number 1 and Article 2 paragraph (3) of the Trademark Law, and Article 1 Numbers 1 and 2 of the Layout Designs of Integrated Circuits all provide some protection for the findings of the study on the legal protection of intellectual property rights pertaining to the iPhone 13 Pro Max.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Intellectual Property Rights
  topic: keywords
subject: iPhone 13 Pro Max
  topic: keywords
subject: Legal Protection
  topic: keywords
subject: Normative Juridical Approach
  topic: keywords
creator: Nanda Aza Vahleza
creator: Tashya Panji Nugraha
creator: Fahmi Fairuzzaman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Nanda Aza Vahleza, Tashya Panji Nugraha, Fahmi Fairuzzaman https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 399
ending page: 406
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v3i03.2148

Progressive Steps to Maximize the Payment of Substitute Money in Corruption Crimes
type: item
description: Although there is a punishment for compensating for state losses brought on by corruption, laws and illegal compensation-paying activities have not been able to efficiently and optimally restore state losses. The study aims to investigate the reasons behind the suboptimal recovery of state losses attributable to corruption through compensation payments, and to identify progressive legislative measures that might enhance the effectiveness of compensation in rectifying these losses. This study employs a normative research methodology, utilizing secondary data derived from legal texts. Techniques for acquiring legal information through literature review. The research results suggest that: 1. The punishment for paying substitute money does not provide the best return of state losses resulting from corruption because: a) there are unclear criminal arrangements for paying substitute money, and b) there are no rules pertaining to the crime of paying substitute money, c) Confiscation Constraints for Payment of Substitute Money, d) Individual Convicts Prefer Subsidiary Prison Instead of Paying Substitute Money, Interpretation of the Purpose of Criminal Application of Substitute Payment Penalties, and f) PERMA Number 5 of 2014's shortcomings in relation to the charge of using extra replacement money in corruption-related activities. 2. To guarantee that the criminal payment of compensation in corruption may most effectively recoup state losses, the following progressive legislative steps are required: a) Subsidies are not included in the penalty for paying compensation, b) The existence of the Law on Confiscation and Forfeiture in Corruption Crimes, c) Return of state losses through compensation money taking into account the value of interest, d) Return of state losses through Bankruptcy Efforts or PKPU of Corrupt Corporations, and e) Corrupt Corporations are restored to Survive and Pay Obligations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: maximizing
  topic: keywords
subject: substitute money
  topic: keywords
subject: corruption
  topic: keywords
creator: Muhammad Yasir
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Yasir https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 387
ending page: 398
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v3i03.2141

Review of Law Number 11 of 2020 on Job Creation: Constitutionality Test Based on Constitutional Court Decision Number 91/PUU-XVIII/2020
type: item
description: This study conducts a normative legal analysis of Law Number 11 of 2020 on Job Creation (commonly referred to as the Omnibus Law), focusing on its constitutionality as assessed in Constitutional Court Decision Number 91/PUU-XVIII/2020. The research examines the legal and procedural foundations of the law's formation and evaluates whether it adhered to the standards set by the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The Constitutional Court declared the law "conditionally unconstitutional," citing procedural violations such as insufficient public participation, lack of transparency, and post-ratification changes. This paper discusses the legal reasoning behind the Court’s decision, the legislative implications of using the omnibus method, and the broader impact on Indonesia's legal and democratic processes. The findings emphasize the importance of constitutional compliance, legislative discipline, and meaningful public involvement in lawmaking to ensure legal certainty and democratic accountability
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Job Creation Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Constitutionality
  topic: keywords
subject: Constitutional Court
  topic: keywords
subject: Omnibus Law
  topic: keywords
subject: Normative Legal Analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmad Burhanuddin
creator: Yana Priyana
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Ahmad Burhanuddin, Yana Priyana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
date: 2025-07-31
publication date: 2025-07-31
starting page: 378
ending page: 386
doi: 10.58812/wslhr.v3i03.2133