Legal Framework and Law Enforcement of Illegal Mining in Indonesia: A Normative Jurisdictional Analysis of the Implications of Environmental Law and Criminal Law
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58812/wslhr.v3i02.1865Keywords:
Illegal Mining, Legal Framework, Environmental Protection, Criminal Law, Law EnforcementAbstract
This paper explores the legal framework and law enforcement mechanisms regarding illegal mining in Indonesia, focusing on the implications for environmental protection and criminal accountability. The study employs a normative juridical analysis to examine the existing laws, including the Mining Law No. 4 of 2009, Environmental Law No. 32 of 2009, and the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP). The paper highlights the gaps in the legal system, such as weak enforcement, inadequate penalties, and the challenges posed by corruption within local authorities. It also assesses the social and environmental consequences of illegal mining, including deforestation, pollution, and the exploitation of local communities. The findings suggest that while Indonesia has a comprehensive legal framework, the effectiveness of its enforcement mechanisms remains insufficient. Based on the analysis, the paper proposes recommendations to strengthen law enforcement, improve penalties, combat corruption, and support alternative livelihoods for communities affected by illegal mining.
References
[1] A. Rohman, Hartiwiningsih, and M. Rustamaji, “Illegal mining in Indonesia: need for robust legislation and enforcement,” Cogent Soc. Sci., vol. 10, no. 1, p. 2358158, 2024.
[2] O. P. Hasibuan, J. H. Tjakraatmadja, and Y. Sunitiyoso, “Illegal gold mining in Indonesia: structure and causes,” Int. J. Emerg. Mark., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 177–197, 2022.
[3] Y. M. Saragih, S. Sumarno, and D. Situmorang, “Prevention And Law Enforcement Efforts Against The Crime Of Gold Mining Without A Permit ( PETI ) In The Jurisdiction Of The Merangin Resort Police,” vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 39–49, 2024.
[4] A. Redi, “Responsive Law Enforcement in Preventing and Eradicating Illegal Mining in Indonesia,” J. Law Sustain. Dev., vol. 11, no. 8, pp. e1436–e1436, 2023.
[5] L. Syamsumardian, “Legal Enforcement on Environment Pollution in Elegant Gold Mining Activities,” in 2018 International Conference on Energy and Mining Law (ICEML 2018), Atlantis Press, 2018, pp. 181–183.
[6] R. Romiyanto, “Model Spasial Kerusakan Lahan dan Pencemaran Air Akibat Kegiatan Pertambangan Emas Sekunder di Daerah Aliran Sungai Raya, Kalimantan Barat.” IPB (Bogor Agricultural University), 2022.
[7] I. V. Natalia and M. Priyanta, “Law enforcement towards environmental damage and pollution caused by open-pit coal,” Tarumanagara Law Rev., pp. 62–90, 2019.
[8] Zulqarnain, “Analysis of Coal Mining Legal Instruments and the Powerlessness of the State in Restricting Natural Destruction Activities by Corporations(Case Study of the Implementation of the Law on Coal Mining Against Ecological Environmental Damage in Indonesia,” vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 2024.
[9] J. Brand-Ballard, Limits of legality: the ethics of lawless judging. Oxford University Press, 2010.
[10] N. R. A. Paruki and A. Ahmad, “Efektivitas Penegakan Hukum Tambang Ilegal,” Batulis Civ. Law Rev., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 177–186, 2022.
[11] A. Kadir and E. Suaib, “Mining in Southeast Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi: shadow economy and environmental damage regional autonomy era in Indonesia,” in International Conference on Social Studies and Environmental Issues (ICOSSEI 2019), Atlantis Press, 2020, pp. 20–27.
[12] N. Firdausiah, “PENEGAKAN HUKUM PENGEBORAN MINYAK ILEGAL PADA PERTAMBANGAN RAKYAT: Law Enforcement Of Illegal Oil Drilling In Public Mining,” Const. J., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 107–120, 2022.
[13] D. Silalahi, “Perizinan dalam Kegiatan Pertambangan di Indonesia Pasca Undang-Undang Minerba No. 4 Tahun 2009,” 2013.
[14] M. Fahruddin, “Penegakan hukum lingkungan di indonesia dalam perspektif Undang-Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 tentang perlindungan dan pengelolaan lingkungan hidup,” Veritas, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 81–98, 2019.
[15] M. Jufri Dewa, “Synchronization of Environmental Law To Mining Law in Sustainable Environmental Mining Governance in Indonesias Legal System,” Int. J. Adv. Res., vol. 11, no. 02, pp. 160–167, 2023, doi: 10.21474/ijar01/16235.
[16] M. Muhdar, R. Simarmata, and M. Nasir, “Legal policy preference for coal mining over other land use alternatives jeopardizes sustainability in Indonesia,” J. Land Use Sci., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 395–408, 2023.
[17] I. Kurniasih, “TELAAH TERHADAP AKTIVITAS PERTAMBANGAN YANG BERDAMPAK PADA LINGKUNGAN HIDUP DI INDONESIA DILIHAT DARI SUDUT PANDANG ANALYSIS ECONOMIC OF LAW,” The Juris, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 7–16, 2023.
[18] K. N. Harinda, A. Purnawan, and A. Witasari, “The Law Enforcement of Environmental Law against Illegal Mining,” Law Dev. J., vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 693–699, 2021.
[19] R. D. Satingi, F. Puluhulawa, and N. Achir, “Faktor Penghambat Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Pengangkutan Hasil Tambang Ilegal,” Huk. Inov. J. Ilmu Huk. Sos. dan Hum., vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 126–134, 2024.
[20] S. Yunita et al., “Effectiveness of Environmental Law in Indonesia: Study on the Implementation of Law Enforcement in Cases of Environmental Damage,” QISTINA J. Multidisiplin Indones., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1882–1887, 2024.
[21] S. Arifin, “Environmental Crimes in the Perspective of the Law Number 32 Year 2009 Concerning the Protection and Management of the Living Environment,” no. 32, pp. 1670–1673, 2020, doi: 10.5220/0010094116701673.
[22] A. A. Meutia, D. Bachriadi, and N. A. Gafur, “Environment degradation, health threats, and legality at the artisanal small-scale gold mining sites in Indonesia,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 20, no. 18, p. 6774, 2023.
[23] Y. G. Wibowo, B. S. Ramadan, A. T. Maryani, D. Rosarina, and L. O. Arkham, “Impact of illegal gold mining in Jambi, Indonesia,” Indones. Min. J., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 29–40, 2022.
[24] E. Rasul and M. Musafira, “Analisis Kandungan Merkuri (Hg) pada Badan Air, Sedimen dan Biota yang Terdampak Aktivitas Pertambangan Emas di Kabupaten Parigi Moutong,” KOVALEN J. Ris. Kim., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 39–44, 2022.
[25] M. Farisi, A. K. Putra, and N. Novianti, “Penggunaan Merkuri pada Tambang Emas Ilegal: Diaturkah Dalam Minamata Convention?,” Uti Possidetis J. Int. Law, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 320–344, 2022.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Diah Ayu Rahmawati, Haryono Haryono, Budi Endarto, Bagus Teguh Santoso, Kunarso
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Facebook 
Instagram 
Twitter 
Youtube 
westscience.journals@gmail.com