The Effect of Cholesterol-Lowering Beverage Consumption, Low-Fat Diet, and Physical Activity on Cholesterol Levels in the Elderly in Makassar
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58812/wsis.v3i04.1867Keywords:
Cholesterol-Lowering Beverages, Low-Fat Diet, Physical Activity, Cholesterol Levels, Elderly PopulationAbstract
This study investigates the effects of cholesterol-lowering beverage consumption, low-fat diet adherence, and physical activity on cholesterol levels among elderly individuals in Makassar. Using a quantitative research design, 150 elderly participants were surveyed using a Likert scale (1-5), and data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS 3). The results show that cholesterol-lowering beverage consumption, low-fat diet adherence, and physical activity all significantly impact cholesterol levels in the elderly. Physical activity was found to have the strongest effect, followed by cholesterol-lowering beverage consumption and low-fat diet adherence. Additionally, indirect effects were found, where cholesterol-lowering beverages and low-fat diet adherence positively influenced physical activity. These findings suggest that a comprehensive approach, combining dietary modifications and increased physical activity, is essential for managing cholesterol levels and promoting cardiovascular health in older adults. The study emphasizes the importance of integrated health interventions targeting diet and exercise for the elderly population.
References
[1] I. Zuraini et al., “The Relationship Between Diet and Physical Activity With Cholesterol Levels in The Elderly: A Systematic Literature Review,” in Proceeding of International Conference of Religion, Health, Education, Science and Technology, 2024, pp. 165–173.
[2] M. I. G. Pires, T. de Araujo Wrubleski, and G. L. Marques, “Lipid Management in the Elderly Population,” Eur. J. Med. Heal. Sci., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 60–63, 2021.
[3] F. J. Félix-Redondo, M. Grau, and D. Fernández-Bergés, “Cholesterol and cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Facts and gaps,” Aging Dis., vol. 4, no. 3, p. 154, 2013.
[4] H. J. Milionis, M. S. Elisaf, and D. P. Mikhailidis, “Lipid abnormalities and cardiovascular risk in the elderly,” Curr. Med. Res. Opin., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 653–657, 2008.
[5] K. Savvatis, J. Schlippenbach, H. P. Schultheiss, and C. Tschöpe, “Lipidtherapie beim älteren Patienten: Was ist zu beachten?,” J. für Kardiol. J. Cardiol., vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 330–334, 2010.
[6] E. Ros, “How important is dietary management in hypercholesterolemia?,” Clin. Lipidol. Metab. Disord., vol. 7, no. 5, 2012.
[7] D. J. A. Jenkins et al., “Effect of plant sterols in combination with other cholesterol-lowering foods,” Metabolism, vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 130–139, 2008.
[8] E. D. Jesch and T. P. Carr, “Food ingredients that inhibit cholesterol absorption,” Prev. Nutr. food Sci., vol. 22, no. 2, p. 67, 2017.
[9] O. Weingärtner, M. Böhm, and U. Laufs, “Controversial role of plant sterol esters in the management of hypercholesterolaemia,” Eur. Heart J., vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 404–409, 2009.
[10] L. Mahmood, “Nonpharmacological cholesterol-lowering approach: Managing cholesterol naturally,” CHRISMED J. Heal. Res., vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 193–198, 2015.
[11] G. Stokes, “The role of cholesterol in the development of cardiovascular disease,” Br. J. Card. Nurs., vol. 3, no. 9, pp. 423–428, 2008.
[12] E. Avci, A. Dolapoglu, and D. E. Akgun, “Role of cholesterol as a risk factor in cardiovascular diseases,” Cholesterol-Good, Bad Hear., vol. 10, 2018.
[13] H. Yoshida, “Dietary and Physiological Factors Affecting Lipid Metabolism and Cardiovascular Risk Dietary and Physiological Factors Affecting Lipid Metabolism and Cardiovascular Risk (SY (T7) 10),” J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo)., vol. 68, no. Supplement, pp. S119–S120, 2022.
[14] J.-M. Lecerf and M. De Lorgeril, “Dietary cholesterol: from physiology to cardiovascular risk,” Br. J. Nutr., vol. 106, no. 1, pp. 6–14, 2011.
[15] L. Tokgozoglu, “Raised Blood Cholesterol: Preventable Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease,” in Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases: From current evidence to clinical practice, Springer, 2015, pp. 69–79.
[16] Z. Buyuktuncer, “Yogurt with plant sterols and stanols,” in Yogurt in Health and Disease Prevention, Elsevier, 2017, pp. 151–169.
[17] A. Kamal-Eldin and A. Moazzami, “Plant sterols and stanols as cholesterol-lowering ingredients in functional foods,” Recent Pat. Food. Nutr. Agric., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2009.
[18] V. Pascual Fuster, “Utilidad de los esteroles vegetales en el tratamiento de la hipercolesterolemia,” Nutr. Hosp., vol. 34, pp. 62–67, 2017.
[19] M. Cofán and E. Ros, “Use of plant sterol and stanol fortified foods in clinical practice,” Curr. Med. Chem., vol. 26, no. 37, pp. 6691–6703, 2019.
[20] P. Bhandari and A. Sapra, “Low fat diet,” 2020.
[21] P. L. Zock, W. A. M. Blom, J. A. Nettleton, and G. Hornstra, “Progressing insights into the role of dietary fats in the prevention of cardiovascular disease,” Curr. Cardiol. Rep., vol. 18, pp. 1–13, 2016.
[22] A. H. A. P. ADVISORY, “Dietary fats and cardiovascular disease,” Circulation, vol. 135, p. 0, 2017.
[23] A. H. Lichtenstein and L. Van Horn, “Very low fat diets,” Circulation, vol. 98, no. 9, pp. 935–939, 1998.
[24] D. Kaya Ünlü, “Fazla kilolu ve obez çocuklarda demir ve lipit metabolizması arasındaki ilişki= The relationship between iron and lipid metabolism in overweight and obese children,” 2021.
[25] P. Apor, “Effectiveness of exercise programs in lipid metabolism disorders,” Orv. Hetil., vol. 144, no. 11, pp. 507–513, 2003.
[26] J. R. Lacour, “Lipid metabolism and exercise,” Rev. Prat., vol. 51, no. 12 Suppl, pp. S36-41, 2001.
[27] E. U. N. S. YI, H. Byun, and K. I. M. Mun-Hee, “The Association Between the American College of Sports Medicine Recommended Aerobic Exercise and Healthy Behavior, Disease Incidence, Activity Restriction, Quality of Life, and Hematological Profile in the Elderly,” 2023.
[28] I. Wester, “Cholesterol‐lowering effect of plant sterols,” Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., vol. 102, no. 1, pp. 37–44, 2000.
[29] P. Bader, S. P. Fowler, and R. C. Lijana, “Cholesterol lowering beverage.” Google Patents, Jun. 2003.
[30] R. Lahtinen, P. Kuusisto, and L. Koponen, “Beverage lowering serum cholesterol.” Google Patents, Jun. 2016.
[31] H. Prambudi, S. Solikhah, P. Supenah, M. Alam, R. I. Aji, and N. Azka, “Pemanfaatan Konsumsi Seduhan Teh Hijau (Camellia Sinensis) Dalam Upaya Menurunkan Kadar Kolesterol Pada Lansia Di Kecamatan Sumber Cirebon,” Nusant. J. Pengabdi. Kpd. Masy., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 85–90, 2021.
[32] S. M. Grundy, J. I. Cleeman, B. M. Rifkind, L. H. Kuller, and C. C. of the N. C. E. Program, “Cholesterol lowering in the elderly population,” Arch. Intern. Med., vol. 159, no. 15, pp. 1670–1678, 1999.
[33] F. Pentimone, P. Bertoncini, G. Laghi, L. Del Corso, and G. Giuliano, “Effects of a low-fat diet including vegetables on total blood cholesterol levels in the aged,” Clin. Ter., vol. 135, no. 4, pp. 267–271, 1990.
[34] W. Vélez-Carrasco et al., “Dietary restriction of saturated fat and cholesterol decreases HDL ApoA-I secretion,” Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 918–924, 1999.
[35] C. Ehnholm et al., “Effect of a diet low in saturated fatty acids on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and HDL subfractions.,” Arterioscler. An Off. J. Am. Hear. Assoc. Inc., vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 265–269, 1984.
[36] D. W. Evans, “Cholesterol lowering diets and coronary heart disease: Diet alone substantially reduces cholesterol in hypercholesterolaemia,” BMJ Br. Med. J., vol. 318, no. 7188, p. 945, 1999.
[37] P. G. S. Braga et al., “Regular practice of physical activity improves cholesterol transfers to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and other HDL metabolic parameters in older adults,” Nutrients, vol. 15, no. 23, p. 4871, 2023.
[38] G. A. Kelley, K. S. Kelley, and Z. V Tran, “Exercise, lipids, and lipoproteins in older adults: a meta‐analysis,” Prev. Cardiol., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 206–214, 2005.
[39] L. P. Pontoh, D. H. C. Pangemanan, and H. I. S. Wungouw, “Pengaruh Senam Bugar Lanjut Usia Terhadap Kadar Kolesterol,” J. Biomedik JBM, vol. 5, no. 1, 2013.
[40] T. Vogel, P. Brechat, P. Leprêtre, G. Kaltenbach, M. Berthel, and J. Lonsdorfer, “Health benefits of physical activity in older patients: a review,” Int. J. Clin. Pract., vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 303–320, 2009.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Rissa Megavitry
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Facebook 
Instagram 
Twitter 
Youtube 
westscience.journals@gmail.com